Taking care of a Damascus blade is relatively simple – clean the blade and then apply a very thin layer of food-grade mineral oil. This step is crucial because Damascus blades are made from high-carbon steel, not stainless steel; without the protective oil layer, the blade will rust over time.
Here are our tips on how to care for Damascus steel knives to keep them looking beautiful and functional.
What’s Damascus Steel?
Now, with all that said, most knives sold today as “Damascus steel” are actually NOT true Damascus steel (Wootz steel).
Damascus steel, originating from India and Sri Lanka around the 3rd century BC, was later imported to the Middle East, particularly Damascus, where it gained fame. Known for its flowing, water-like patterns, it was primarily refined from Wootz steel. The refining process ceased around 1750, but modern blacksmiths strive to recreate its unique characteristics using layered steel techniques. Despite similarities, current methods haven’t fully replicated the original. Notably, the steel’s patterned surface results from carbon distribution, not from welding different steel types.
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The Facts about Damascus Blades
A Damascus blade is not always shiny and pristine; it will develop stains that cannot be removed the first time you cut anything acidic. Even cutting raw potatoes will stain the blade. However, this patina is important as it helps protect your blade from further corrosion. High-carbon steel blades are somewhat easier to sharpen than stainless steel, they are sharper, hold an edge better, and are less prone to chipping. However, the issue of rust is always present and must be managed.
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How to Prevent Rust on Damascus Steel
Caring for a Damascus steel blade is similar to caring for a carbon steel blade – moisture is the enemy. Rust forms when the iron in the steel reacts with moisture and oxygen, leading to oxidation. Damascus steel, with its layered composition, is even more vulnerable because rust can penetrate through the layers once it starts forming. Once the blade has developed a patina, it becomes easier to use, but a new carbon steel blade will begin to rust almost instantly.
What’s Patina?
A patina is the dull layer that forms on the surface of carbon steel. Through the formation of a patina, the steel protects itself from natural corrosion. It is similar to but different from the seasoning that occurs on cast iron pans.
The best and easiest way to develop a patina is to use your knife regularly! Keep a cloth near your workspace and wipe the blade when you notice it changing color before it turns orange. Like a leather jacket, your knife will wear and develop a patina over time. A solid patina is a badge of honor!
Washing
Many people new to Damascus steel knives often worry about washing the blade. Cleaning the knife is simple: rinse under running water, wipe with a sponge and mild soap, rinse again, and dry thoroughly. If you’re familiar with the term “Bachelor Wash” (or can decipher the implication), that’s all you need to do.
Never:
- Leave the blade sitting in standing water
- Place the blade on a damp towel, dishcloth, etc.
- Store in direct contact with skin
- Wash in a dishwasher
Oiling
If you want to display your knife, you can apply a layer of carnauba wax or Boeshield. If it’s not for display, simply coat it with oil.
A common mistake when oiling a blade is using something like olive oil, which can go rancid. I recommend using mineral oil because it is food-safe, inexpensive, and easy to find. Additionally, you can use Renaissance wax (a micro-crystalline wax polish that offers a high level of protection and is favored by museums), gun oil (designed to protect firearms and also effective for Damascus steel), or beeswax.
How to Apply Protective Coatings
To help ensure your Damascus steel knife becomes a treasured heirloom, follow these steps:
- Clean the Blade: Make sure the blade is clean and completely dry before applying any protective coating.
- Apply Oil or Wax: Use a soft cloth to apply a thin, even layer of oil or wax across the entire surface of the blade.
- Polish the Surface: After applying the coating, polish the blade with a clean cloth to ensure an even coat and remove any excess.
- Reapply Regularly: Depending on usage and storage conditions, reapply the protective coating regularly to maintain its protective qualities.
Proper Storage Methods
Always store Damascus steel in a dry environment. Moisture can accelerate rust formation. Avoid keeping the knife in a sheath as it may trap moisture; if you must use a leather sheath, add a silica gel packet. For long-term storage, consider using alternative materials.
Best Products for Cleaning and Maintaining Damascus Steel
There are many polishing and cleaning agents on the market, but I don’t generally recommend them. Cleaning Damascus steel requires great care. Any polishing method that uses abrasives can diminish the visible Damascus pattern. The Damascus pattern is formed by acid etching the blade. Since Damascus steel consists of different types of steel, the acid etches them at different rates, creating the visible pattern. Polishing the blade can make the pattern less visible or even cause it to disappear.
Damascus steel that has been polished may look like regular steel. Therefore, for caring for a Damascus steel blade, I recommend wiping it with a soft cloth and using a protective lubricant to prevent rust. If rust is a significant issue, consult a knife maker experienced with Damascus steel about re-etching the blade. Any polishing method will significantly affect the blade’s finish.
Mineral Oil
- Brand: Howard Cutting Board Oil
- Review: This food-grade mineral oil is perfect for protecting Damascus steel used in kitchen knives. It creates a moisture-resistant barrier and is easy to apply.
Renaissance Wax
- Brand: Picreator Renaissance Wax Polish
- Review: Highly recommended by museums and conservators, this micro-crystalline wax polish offers excellent protection against moisture and fingerprints. It’s suitable for all types of Damascus steel items.
Gun Oil
- Brand: Hoppe’s No. 9 Lubricating Oil
- Review: Hoppe’s gun oil provides long-lasting protection against rust and corrosion. It’s ideal for outdoor knives and tools that are frequently exposed to the elements.
Beeswax
- Brand: Bee’s Knees Pure Beeswax
- Review: A natural alternative, this pure beeswax forms a protective barrier that is effective at repelling moisture. It’s great for those who prefer organic products.
Common Mistakes to Avoid When Cleaning Damascus Steel
When it comes to caring for a Damascus steel blade, there are some common mistakes that people make. Avoid these mistakes to keep your knife in top condition and preserve its beauty:
Using Harsh Chemicals
Strong chemicals such as bleach, ammonia, or corrosive cleaners can damage the delicate surface of Damascus steel. These cleaners can dull the pattern, remove the natural patina, and even lead to corrosion. Use mild cleaners or simply rinse with water and dry the blade with a clean cloth before storing it for future use.
Improper Scrubbing Techniques
Steel wool or hard brushes can scratch the surface of your Damascus steel. Opt for a soft sponge or microfiber cloth when cleaning the blade.
Neglecting Regular Maintenance
Leaving your Damascus steel uncleaned after use is a recipe for disaster. Even after it develops a patina, moisture and food residue can still cause rust. Make it a habit to clean and lightly oil the blade after each use to keep it looking its best and prevent long-term damage.
Comparison of Damascus Steel to Other Types of Steel
Here, I will compare Damascus steel to other types of steel in terms of cleaning and maintenance. For additional comparisons of other aspects between these two types of steel, read my full article on:
Damascus Steel vs. Carbon Steel
As mentioned earlier, true Damascus steel (Wootz steel) is now lost to history. Modern Damascus steel is created by folding layers of two or more metals with different carbon levels, resulting from the folding and forging process. Unlike Damascus steel, carbon steel lacks the intricate patterns but shares a similar susceptibility to moisture. Carbon steel is composed of iron and carbon, with carbon content typically ranging from 0.12% to 2.0%. The higher carbon content makes it more prone to rust, requiring more frequent maintenance.
In summary, both types require regular maintenance to prevent rust and corrosion. This includes cleaning after use, drying with a soft cloth, and applying a protective oil or wax.
Damascus Steel vs. Stainless Steel
As noted, Damascus steel requires special care. You should avoid products with chlorine and use a soft cloth or sponge to prevent scratching the intricate patterns. It also needs your attention, including regular inspections and reapplication of protective coatings to maintain its appearance and function.
(Read our full article about Damascus steel versus stainless steel knives)
In contrast, stainless steel is much easier to clean with just water and regular dish soap. It is resistant to rust and staining, making it more convenient to clean.
Overall, in terms of maintenance and care, stainless steel clearly surpasses Damascus steel. Stainless steel requires less upkeep, with occasional polishing and drying after washing to maintain its shine and prevent water spots. I rarely need to oil or handle it specially due to its inherent corrosion resistance.
Regarding maintenance and care, stainless steel is far superior to Damascus steel.
Personal Experiences and Tips
I wanted to include more objective opinions, so here’s what I found online.
“Modern Damascus steel is a high carbon steel, usually 1095 or 1080 steel laminated with a high nickel content carbon steel like 15N20. It is not a high chromium content steel; therefore not “stainless”. The nickel steel resists the acid etching used to bring out the look of the laminations and is shiny but will rust. Clean after use; dry and lightly oil. Do not store it long term in the sheath..”
– Scott Rivers (knife maker, owens Broken Arrow Knives in New Mexico)
“Contemporary or actual wootz from the Middle Ages?
If they’re just contemporary, get some silicone gun-care cloths from your local gun shop. Wipe them down with a fresh cloth very well, the first time. Thereafter, give them a rub with the cloth when dusting or if anybody touches them.
All of my actual wootz blades are in individual glass-front wooden cases with Vapour Phase Corrosion Inhibitors (VPCI) emitters inside the case. For storage, do a last-minute wipe down with the above cloth type then slip them into a VPCI poly bag, unsealed, then slip that bag into a vacuum food bag, pull the vacuum, and seal.
VPCI stuff is sold by most people selling machinist supplies and the bigger general industrial supply stores. You might go directly to one of the manufacturers but they have historically been hard to deal with, in my experience.
I’ve tried oils, and “museum wax” and auto waxes, etc., and they don’t last long.
If you want something that is cheap, fast, and ugly, spray them down with LPS-3. It will last for years but it kind of obscures the beauty.”
– John Wegner (Used and collected knives for over 65 years)
“If it is to be on display you can give it a coat of carnauba wax or Boeshield. If out of sight, use a coat of oil. Do not store any knife in a sheath.”
– Steven Eber (Manufacturing Design Engineer retired)
FAQs
How often should I clean my Damascus steel knives?
I recommend cleaning your Damascus steel knives after every use. Even if the blade only comes into contact with moisture or food, promptly washing and drying it helps prevent rust and corrosion.
What type of oil should I use on my Damascus steel knives?
I usually use a light coat of food-safe mineral oil or camellia oil on my Damascus steel knives. It keeps the blade protected from moisture and helps maintain the steel’s intricate pattern.
Can I wash my Damascus steel knives in the dishwasher?
No, absolutely not. I never put my Damascus steel knives in the dishwasher because the harsh detergents and high temperatures can cause damage to the blade and handle. Hand washing with mild soap and water is the way to go.
How can I prevent my Damascus steel knives from rusting?
To prevent rust, I clean and thoroughly dry my knives after each use. Applying a thin layer of protective oil and storing the knife in a dry location away from humidity can also help.
What should I do if my Damascus steel knives starts rusting?
If I notice rust spots on my Damascus steel knives, I gently rub them off with a soft cloth and a mixture of baking soda and water or a mild cleanser. After removing the rust, I make sure to reapply a protective oil to prevent future issues.
Are there specific storage recommendations for Damascus steel knives?
I avoid storing my Damascus steel knives in leather sheaths long-term, as leather can retain moisture. Instead, I store them in a dry, ventilated space or use silicone-coated cloths to wrap the blades.
Can I use abrasive materials to clean my Damascus steel knives?
No, I always steer clear of abrasive materials like steel wool or hard brushes, as they can scratch the intricate patterns on the blade. A soft sponge or microfiber cloth works best for gentle cleaning.
Can I use Vinegar to clean Damascus Steel?
No, I do not recommend using vinegar to clean Damascus steel. It is highly acidic and can damage the blade’s intricate patterns. Stick to mild soap and water or specialized cleaning products designed for stainless steel.
What to do if my Damascus Steel starts rusting?
If you notice rust spots on your Damascus steel knives, it is important to address them promptly. Gently rub them off with a soft cloth and a mixture of baking soda and water or a mild cleanser. After removing the rust, make sure to reapply a protective oil to prevent future issues. Regular maintenance and proper storage can also help prevent rust from forming in the first place.
